Regular Institutions of Higher Education

refer to educational establishments set up according to the government evaluation and approval procedures, enrolling graduates from senior secondary schools and providing higher education courses and training for senior professionals. They include full-time universities, colleges, high professional schools, high professional vocational schools and others. Universities and colleges mainly provide undergraduate courses; those high professional schools and high professional vocational schools mainly provide professional trainings.

Institutions of Higher Education for Adults

refer to educational establishments, set up in line with relevant rules approved by the government, enrolling staff and workers with senior secondary school or equivalent education, and providing higher education courses in many forms of correspondence, spare time, or full time for adults. Professionals thus trained receive a qualification equivalent to graduates studying regular courses at regular universities, colleges and professional colleges. Institutions of higher learning for adults include schools of high education for staff and workers, schools of high education for peasants, colleges for management cadres, pedagogical colleges, independent correspondence colleges, Radio and TV universities and other educational establishments.

Secondary Vocational Schools

(Secondary Vocational and Technical Education)

refer to educational establishments, set up in line with relevant rules approved by the government, implementing secondary professional education. Secondary professional schools are original specialized secondary schools (secondary technical schools, secondary teacher training schools) , specialized secondary schools for adults, vocational secondary schools, which are named secondary professional schools after they are merged, constructed together and adjusted to be a kind of education type.

Regular Secondary Schools

(Regular Secondary Education)

are divided into regular senior secondary schools and regular junior secondary schools. Regular junior secondary schools refer to educational establishments enrolling graduates from primary schools and providing junior secondary education courses. Regular senior secondary schools refer to educational establishments enrolling graduates from junior secondary schools and providing senior secondary education courses. Whole secondary schools refer to educational establishments including senior secondary school and junior secondary school. Successive schools refer to educational establishments providing successive primary and secondary education courses including nine-year successive schools and twelve-year successive schools.

Regular Primary Schools (Primary Education)

refer to educational establishments approved by county or above education administrative department, enrolling school-age children and providing primary education courses.

Kindergartens (Baby Education)

refer to educational units enrolling children aged 3 and over, including all baby education units. Kindergartens take games as basic activities.

Special Education Schools

refer to educational establishments, enrolling blind, deaf, dumb children, weak-minded children and providing regular or vocational primary and secondary education courses.

Percentage of Graduates in Primary Schools

Entering Junior Secondary Schools

refers to the proportion of students in junior secondary schools to the total number of junior school age students.

Network Education

refers to the net education implemented by modern distance education selected institute approved by the Ministry of Education, who recruit the regular and adult undergraduate students and junior college students base on Internet to give high level education.

Science and Technology Activities

refer to organizational activity aimed at developing, spreading and applying the scientific technology about natural science, agriculture science, medicine science, engineering and technology science, human and social science. In order to calculate the input of science and technology, science and technology activities are divided into R & D, Achievements Applying on Researches & Experiments Developing and Science and Technique Services.

Patent

is an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive right of ownership of the inventors or designers for the creation or inventions, given from the patent offices after due process of assessment and approval in accordance with the Patent Law. Patents are granted for inventions, utility models and designs. This indicator reflects the achievements of S & T and design with independent intellectual property.

Inventions refer to the new technical proposals to the products or methods or their modifications. This is universal core indicator reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual property.

Utility Models refer to the practical and new technical proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of technological results with certain technical content.

Designs refer to the aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and color of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance design achievements with independent intellectual property.

Research and Experimental Development

(R & D)

refers to systematic and creative endeavor aimed at expanding the overall volume of knowledge and applying the knowledge to invent new uses. It includes basic studies, application research and experimental development. For industrial enterprises, their R & D mainly belongs to experimental development activities.

Basic Research

refers to empirical or theoretical research aiming at obtaining new knowledge on the fundamental principles of phenomena of observable facts to reveal the nature and law of movement of objects and to acquire new discoveries or new theories. Basic research takes no specific or designated application as the aim of the research. Results of basic research are mainly released or disseminated in the form of scientific papers or monographs.

Application Research

refers to creative research aiming at obtaining new knowledge on a specific objective or target. Purpose of the applied research is to identify the possible use of results from basic research, or to explore new (fundamental) methods or new approaches. Results of applied research are expressed in the form of scientific papers, monographs, fundamental models or invention patents.

Experiments and Development

refer to systematic activities aiming at using the knowledge from basic and applied researches or from practical experience to develop new products, materials and equipment, to establish new production process, system and service, or to make substantial improvement on the existing products, process and services. Results of experiment and development activities are embodied in patents, exclusive technology and prototype of new products or equipment.

Research and Experiment Development

Achievements Used

means that a lot of work is systematically taken to find solutions applicable both/either to technological problems in products, materials and devices put into production and in skills, systems and services into practical use. This kind of achievements include blueprint, technical standard and operating rules with technology and technological parameter for the purpose of production and practical operation.

Services of Science and Technology

A forward movement in research of the science and development of experiment is a help in creation, spread and application of scientific and technological knowledge, including seven principal matters: (a) extending application, on scope, of an achievement in science and technique by setting an example related thereto in popularization, (b) furnishing users with the systematic information on sciences and value-lasting documents as a study, (c) making technique- inquiring business available to users for requirement of technologies either by way of a suggestion or of a scheme, either analysis or feasibility report, (d) people observing day by day and/or listening and reporting on or testing, by apparatus, things appearing in or changes brought about by the nature and living beings, (e) inspecting and/or searching for resources, collecting, analyzing routinely and sorting out the general-purpose information on societies, humanities and economics, e.g. statistics and on-the-spot investigation on markets, (f) providing a test, standardization, measure, calculation, quality control and patent-related services to the society and the public, not to industrial enterprises and/or firms engaged in the above items-developing dealings made available to their normal production and/or operation.

Technique Market

can be regarded narrowly as technical-dealings office where technique transfer is made or technology-related good traded at certain time. As shown in statistical datum presently, turnovers are resulting either from purchase or from transfer of techniques, together with numbers related to the inquiry or services involved in technologies.