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 Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) refers to the final use products and services of all resident units in a
country (or a region) during a certain period of tim e.GDP is not just reflecting the
development of product but reflecting the tende ncy of increase of all services,
reflecting the scale and level in the national economy and social development. The GDP data obtained with production
approach is the sum of the value-added of all departments of national economy, the GDP
data obtained with distribution app roach is the sum of the labourers reward, net taxes on
production, operating sur plus, depreciation of fixed assets, the GDP data obtained with
use approach is t he total expenditure on final consumption, total capital formation and
net expor t of goods and services.
Labourers' Reward
refers to all the incomes earned by the labourers from their productive activities, which
includes wages, bonuses and allowances t he labourers received in various forms,including
incomes in money and in kind.It also includes the free medical services and the medicine
subsidies provided to the labourers as well as traffic subsidies and social insurance fee
paid by the
labourers' working
units for them.The social insurance fee paid by the labourer s' working units refers to
the social insurance fee paid directly by the working units to the government department
(usually the social ensure department of lab our) or the insurance fee paid by the
enterprises and institutions for the retir ement, death, and medical injury treatment of
the staff and workers.For the indi vidual economy, since the labourers'reward not easily
distinguished from the ope rating profit, both are treated as labourers' reward.
Net Taxes on
Production refers to the difference of the taxes on pro duction minus the subsidies on
production.The taxes on production refers to the various taxes, extra charges and fees
levied on the production units on the irp roduction, sale and business activities as well
as on some factors in production , such as fixed assets, land and labour force. In detail,
they include sales tax and extra charges, value added tax, various taxes paid from
overhead,road toll,
sewage charges, extra
charges on water and electric power consumed etc.In contra st to the taxes on production,
the subsidies on production is an unilateral reve nue transfer from the government to the
production units and is therefore treate d as the negative taxes on production. They
include subsidies on the loss due to implementation of government policies, price
subsidies to the grain institution s, foreign trade corporations' receipts from
drawback,etc.
Depreciation of Fixed
Assets refers to the depreciation of fixed ass ets drawn in accordance with the stipulated
depreciation rate for the purpose of compensating the wear loss of the fixed assets.It
reflects the transferred va lue of the fixed assets in the production of the current
period. The depreciatio n of fixed assets in various enterprises and institutions managed
as enterp rise s refers to the depreciation expenses actually drawn and recorded as cost.
Operating Surplus
refers to the balance of the value added created b y the resident units deducting the
labourers' reward, net taxes on producti on a nd the depreciation of fixed assets.It is
equivalent to the business profitof th e enterprises plus subsidies on production, but the
wages and welfare expenses p aid from the profits should be deducted.
Final Consumption
refers to the total expenditure of resident units on final consumption of goods and
services in a certain period, namely the expen diture of the resident units for purchases
of goods and services from domes tice conomic territory and abroad to meet the requirents
of material, cultural and sp iritual life.It excludes the consumption expenditure of
non-resident units on co nsumption in the economic territory of the country.The final
consumption is clas sified into household consumption and government consumption.
(1) Household Consumption refers to the total expenditure of residen t households
(include rural households and urban households) on the final consum ption of goods and
services in a certain period of time. The consumption composi tion includes:(a) the
consumption of goods,namely the expenditure of consumption of households on various goods,
(b) the consumption of cultural life services,n amely the expenditure of households on
various cultural services, (c) the consum ption of residence and rent, water, electricity,
gas (includes the services refe r only to the services provided by the residential
buildings owned) , (d) the co nsumption of households self-sufficiency, (e) the goods and
services provided to private by the units as remuneration or benefit, (f) the consumption
of medical and pharmaceutical by the units provided, (g) the consumption of households for
the units welfare, (h) the financial intermediary services provided by the fina ncial
institutions, the insurance services provided by the insurance companies.
(2) Government Consumption refers to the expenditure on the consumpt ion of the public
services provided by the government to the whole society and t he net expenditure on the
goods and services provided by the government to the h ouseholds. Government consumption
of current price includes: the current operati ng expenditure of budgetary and
extra-budgetary, the depreciation of its fixed a ssets of the administrative units and the
institutions of non-profit, the total output from the rural and urban residential
committee minus operating revenue.
Total Capital
Formation refers to the net amount of that the fixed a ssets and inventory acquired minus
those disposed, including the net incremental fixed assets and the net incremental
inventory.
(a) Total Fixed Capital Formation refers to the value of fixed asset s purchased,
transferred in by the resident units in certain period and those pr oduced and used by
themselves deducting the value of fixed assets sold and trans ferred out. It can be
classified into total tangible assets formation and total intangible assets formation. The
total tangible assets formation include the val ue of the construction projects,
installation projects completed and the equipme nt, apparatus and instruments purchased as
well as the value of land improved, t he value of draught animals, breeding stock, milk,
wool and recreational animals and the newly increased economic forest in a certain period.
The total intan gi ble assets formation includes the prospecting of minerals, the
acquisition of co mputer software, the originals of recreational works and works of
literature and arts minusthe disposal of them.
(b) Increase in Inventory refers to the market value of the change i n inventory,i.e.
the difference of value between the beginning and the end of th e period. The increase in
inventory can be positive or negative. A positive val ue indicates the increase in
inventory while a negative value indicates the decr ease in stock. The inventory includes
the raw materials, fuels and reserve mater ials purchased by the production units as well
as the inventory of finished prod ucts, semi-finished products, work-in-progress, etc.
Net Export of Goods
and Services refers to the difference of the exp orts of goods and services minus the
imports of goods and services. The imports include the value of various goods and services
sold or gratuitously transferred by the resident units to the non-resident units. The
imports include the valueo f various goods and services purchased or gratuitously acquired
by the resident units from the non-resident units. Because the provision of services and
the use
of them happen simultaneously, the import and export of services do not appear t o have
the phenomena of crossing the border of the country. The acquisition of s ervices by the
resident units from abroad is usually treated as import while the acquisition of services
by non-resident units in this country is usually treate d as export. The export and import
of goods are calculated at FOB. The formula f or calculating is as follows:
Net export of goods and services=value of export of goods
and services－value of import of goods and services
Three Industries
refers to an industry structure classified accordin g to the historical evolution of
economic activity. Primary industry refers to e xtraction of natural resources, secondary
industry involves processing of primar y products, and tertiary industry provides various
kinds of services for product ion and consumption. The classification is universal
although it varies to some extent from country to country.Each industry in China
comprises:
Primary Industry
Agriculture (including farming, forestry, animal hu sbandry,and fishery).
Secondary Industry
Industry (including mining and quarrying, manufac turing, production and supply of
electricity, water and gas) and construction.
Tertiary Industry All
other industries not included in primary or se condary industry, including transport,
storage, post and telecommunications, who lesale and retail trade & catering services,
banking and insurance, real estate trade, service for farming, forestry, animal husbandry
and fishery, geological p rospecting, water conservancy management, social services,
public health,sports and social welfare,education, culture and art, radio, film and
television, scien tific research and comprehensive technical services, government
agencies,part ag encies,social organizations and others.
Actual Price (current
year price) refers to the actual prices during the reference period, i.e.ex-factory prices
of industrial products, purchasing prices of farm products, retail prices, etc, reflecting
the actually happening in current year, joining various statistical indicators on national
economic, general balance among production, circulation, distribution, consumption.
Constant Price refers
to the average price of a given product in cer tain year, which is used for comparison of
output value over time. As the outp u t value at constant prices removes the factor of
price changes, it reflects the trend of production development over time. After a period,
with the changes in a ctual prices, the State Statistical Bureau has issued nationally
unified constan t prices five times: the 1952 constant prices for 1949-1957, the 1957
constant p rices for 1957 -1970, the 1970 constant prices for 1971 - 1980, the 1980
constan t prices for 1981-1990, and the 1990 constant prices have been used since 1991.
Comparable Prices are
applied when comparing indicators of value ove r time to reflect accurately the changes in
real term.
Registered Categories
of Enterprises Enterprises are classified into 3 categories, namely domestic-funded
enterprises,enterprises with investment fr om Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and enterprises
with foreign investment, in thelight of the registration status of an enterprise in
industrial and commercial a dministration agencies. Domestic-funded enterprises include
state-owned enter pr ises, collective-owned enterprises,cooperative enterprises, private
enterprises, share-holding corporations Ltd., limited liability corporations, joint
ownershi p enterprises and other domestic-funded enterprises.Included in the enterprises
with investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and enterprises with foreign in vestment
are joint venture enterprises, cooperative enterprises, sole investme n t enterprises and
share-holding corporations Ltd. For government agencies, insti tutions and social
organizations which are not requested to be registered in ind ustrial and commercial
administration agencies, they are classified mainly by th eir sources of funds and way of
management.
Domestic-funded
Enterprises include state-owned enterprises, collect ive-owned enterprises,cooperative
enterprises,private enterprises, share-holding corporations Ltd., limited liability
corporations, joint ownership enterpri ses and others.
State-owned
Enterprises refer to non-corporation economic units wher e the entire assets are owned by
the state and which have registered in accordan ce with the Regulation of the People's
Republic of China on the Management of Re gistration of Corporate Enterprises. Excluded
from this category are sole state- funded corporations in the limited liability
corporations. Excluded from this ca tegory are enterprises with exclusive investment from
state-owned, state-owned a nd state-owned cooperative enterprises in the join ownership
enterprises.
Collective-owned
Enterprises refer to economic units where the asset s are owned collectively and which
have registered in accordance with the Regula tion of the People's Republic of China on
the Management of Registration of Corp orate Enterprises. Excluded from this category are
collective-owned and collect ive-owned cooperative enterprises in joint ownership
enterprises, excluded coop erative enterprises.
Cooperative Enterprises refer to a form of collective economic units (enterprises)
where capitals come mainly from employees as their shares, with c ertain proportion of
capital from the outside, where production is organized on the basis of independent
operation, independent accounting for profits and losse s, joint work, democratic
management, and adistribution system that integrates r emuneration according to work with
dividend according to capital share.
Private Enterprises
refer to profit-making economic units invested a nd established by natural persons,or
controlled by natural persons using empl oy ed labour. Included in this category are
private limited liability corporations, private share-holding corporations Ltd., private
partnership enterprises and pr ivate-funded enterprises registered in accordance with the
Corporation Law, Part nership Enterprises Law and Interim Regulations on Private
Enterprises.
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. refer to economic units registered i n accordance with the Regulation of
the People's Republic of China on the Manage ment of Registration of Corporations, with
total registered capitals divided int o equal shares and raised through issuing stocks.
Each investor bears limited li ability to the corporation depending on the holding of
shares,and the corporatio n bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total
assets.
Limited Liability Corporations refer to economic units established w ith investment
from 2-50 investors and registered in accordance with the Regulat ion of the People's
Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corpo rations, each investor
bearing limited liability to the corporation depending on its share of investment, and the
corporation bearing liability to its debt to t he maximum of its total assets.
Limited liability
corporations include exclusive state-funded limited liability corporations and other
limited liability corporations.
Exclusive State-funded
Corporations refer to limited liability corpo rations established with exclusive
investment from investment institutions or de partments authorized by the state.
Other Limited
liability Corporations refer to the limited liability corporations other than exclusive
state-funded corporations.
Joint Ownership Enterprises refer to economic units established by t wo or more
corporate enterprises or corporate institutions of the same or differ ent ownership,
through joint investment on the basis of equality, voluntary part icipation and mutual
benefits. They include state joint ownership enterprises, c ollective joint ownership
enterprises, joint state-collective enterprises, other joint ownership enterprises.
Other Domestic-funded
Enterprises refer to domestic-funded economic units other than those mentioned above.
Enterprises with
Investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan include joint venture enterprises with funds
from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, cooperat ive enterprises with funds from Hong Kong,
Macao and Taiwan, enterprises with ex clusive investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan,
share-holding corporations Ltd. with investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Enterprises with
Exclusive Investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan refer to enterprises established in
the mainland of China with exclusive investment from investors from Hong Kong, Macao and
Taiwan in accordance with th e Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign-Funded
Enterprises and other relevant laws.
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan refer to share-holding
corporations Ltd.established with the approv al from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Relations in line with releva nt state regulations, where the share of investment
from Hong Kong, Macao or Tai wan business men exceeds 25% of the total registered capital
of the corporation. In case the share of investment from Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan is
less than 25 % of the total registered capital, the enterprise is to be classified as
domesti c-funded share-holding corporation Ltd.
Foreign Funded
Enterprises include joint venture enterprises with fo reign investment, cooperation
enterprises with foreign investment, enterprises w ith exclusive foreign investment,
share-holding corporations Ltd. with forei gni nvestment.
Individual refer to
economic units which the assets are owned by ind ividual, where production is organized on
the basis of individual operation, lab ours results are owned by labourer, including
economic units where have register ed in accordance with Civil Law General Rule and
individual industrialists and b usinessmen or a group of citizens which have registered in
urban and rural indus trial and commercial administration agencies.
Type of Ownership
refers to enterprises classified as various type o f ownership in accordance with
registered categories of enterprises. In which, s tate-owned economy refer to state-owned
enterprises, enterprises with exclusive investment from state-owned, state joint ownership
enterprises, collective-owned economy refer to collective-owned enterprises, cooperative
enterprises, collect ive joint ownership enterprises, private economy refer to private
enterprises an d individual.
Developed Areas refer
to the land put in requisition for state const ruction projects in administrative areas
and developing areas of non-agriculture production construction, including concentrated
areas and decentralized areas, having basic perfect municipal public facilities(airport,
railroad, disposal sew age factory,communication station).
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